The Heritage of the Nineteenth-Century

1. Industrialism: How has industrialism been both a blessing and a problem? Assess the industrial economies in Europe in the 19th century. What was revolutionary about the Industrial Revolution?
2. Capitalism: What is the major goal of capitalistic institutions? Would you classify capitalism as an elitist or a popular economic system?
3. The Western bourgeoisie: What major economic motive played the leading role in forming the social character of the Western bourgeoisie? When and how did this social group acquire political power commensurate with its wealth?
4. Liberalism: Discuss liberalism as the dominant political philosophy of the European middle class. What were some of the goals of nineteenth-century liberals? Are those the same goals toward which twentieth-century liberals have aspired? Be familiar with Adam Smith and economic theories and the Adam Smith view of economics.
5. The working class: Describe the origins and life situation of the nineteenth-century working class.
6. Socialism: Why did the working class lean toward socialism? What were the general goals of nineteenth-century socialism? While delineating the three main periods of socialism, note the roles of the following in the evolution of socialism:

• French socialism and Saint Simon
• Charles Fourier
• Karl Marx
• Eduard Bernstein

What was Karl Marx's theory of social change? What was the relationship between Marxism and political culture? What were the Communist Manifesto key points on the part of the future Das Kapital writer?

7. The religion of science: Why was science so popular in the bourgeois culture of the late-nineteenth century?

8. Darwinian evolutionary theory: What did Charles Darwin invent? What were his conclusions in Origin of Species back in 1859? Who was "Darwin's bulldog"? Who was Samuel Wilberforce? What was Social Darwinism? Contrast the ideas of Herbert Spencer and Lester Frank Ward.

9. Anti-rational philosophy: Compare and contrast the philosophical systems of Friedrich Nietzsche and Soren Kierkegaard. What is the the significance of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard.
10. Psychoanalysis: Be familiar with psychoanalysis and treatment of personality disorder in  psychoanalytic theory by Sigmund Freud.